Excellent top students would attend graduate engineering schools such as Stanford on scholarship & eventually after a few years working return to China bringing their skills and expertise.
China did not need to go through the Product cycle because of its vast population (educated work force) & eagerness of global corporations to manufacture here.
20 years ago, in Wuhan & Shanghai I was living in decades past as I am from the San Francisco Bay Area. 2008, I moved to Beijing and was living a superior infrastructure than the Bay Area, except for the toxic smog.
Since 2012, I live a very advanced and convenient life in Shanghai without an automobile. The USA has clearly fallen behind.
In the last decade China also recognised that the catch up game is not a long term solution and invested heavily in research, science and industrial parks and education.
Because more and more cheap Chinese products are as good, better, or at least good enough for the money. Chinese approach to intellectual property excludes a lot of costs. Yet, when they clone something these days, they not just clone it, they improve it.
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